Dominant controls of cold-season precipitation variability over the high mountains of Asia

Abstract A robust understanding of the sub-seasonal cold season (November–March) precipitation variability over High Mountains Asia (HMA) is lacking. Here, we identify dynamic and thermodynamic pathways through which natural modes climate establish their teleconnections HMA. First, evaporative sources that contribute to HMA surrounding areas. The predominant moisture contribution comes from mid-latitude regions, including Mediterranean/Caspian Seas Mediterranean land. Second, several tropical extratropical forcings display a sub-seasonally fluctuating influence on distribution region during season. Many them varyingly interact, so impacts cannot be explained independently or at seasonal timescales. Lastly, single set not identifiable as key determinant in propagating remote teleconnection because anomalies depend pattern varying dynamical forcing atmosphere.